In addition to income uncertainty, all agents face the risk of
health expenditures x, which is age dependent, x ¼ xy, xo. Their
evolutions follow first-order Markov processes with transition
probabilities P
yx
and P0x
, respectively. Health expenditures are
treated as necessary costs for recovery from illness.
Because of the provision of universal health
insurance, all individuals can have health
insurance to cover their medical expenditures x. Individuals pay
(1 uh)x out of their pocket, and the proportion uh is paid by universal health insurance.
In reality, some treatments are not covered by the public health-care system and individuals have to pay the full prices; for covered
treatments, the co-payments may be low but the treatments that
are covered might vary over time due to government policy and
budget limitation. We adopt this simplified setting without distinguishing
between covered and uncovered treatments, because
we focus on the aggregate financing issue and simply use the
average coverage ratio to prevent unnecessary complexity.
In addition to income uncertainty, all agents face the risk ofhealth expenditures x, which is age dependent, x ¼ xy, xo. Theirevolutions follow first-order Markov processes with transitionprobabilities Pyxand P0x, respectively. Health expenditures aretreated as necessary costs for recovery from illness.Because of the provision of universal healthinsurance, all individuals can have healthinsurance to cover their medical expenditures x. Individuals pay(1 uh)x out of their pocket, and the proportion uh is paid by universal health insurance.In reality, some treatments are not covered by the public health-care system and individuals have to pay the full prices; for coveredtreatments, the co-payments may be low but the treatments thatare covered might vary over time due to government policy andbudget limitation. We adopt this simplified setting without distinguishingbetween covered and uncovered treatments, becausewe focus on the aggregate financing issue and simply use theaverage coverage ratio to prevent unnecessary complexity.
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