Five articles report aspects of research on the HELP program.
Two studies surveyed HELP sites; 1 study was a descriptive study, was a prospective matching clinical trial.
One study followed a pre- and posttest design of a HELP implementation.
Sample sizes were large, ranging from 852 patients in 1 study to 4763 patients in the largest study.
Methods varied widely (see Appendix A).
Bradley and colleagues and Inouye and colleagues used survey-style self-reporting by HELP administrators.
Inouye and colleagues and Rubin and colleagues enrolled all qualified patients to HELP within a given time period.
Inouye and colleagues used a prospective patient-matching style for their clinical trial.