Cystitis is infection of the urothelium presenting with symptoms of dysuria, urgency, frequency, haematuria, and pyuria and retropubic pain without systemic symptoms. However 8% of these patients present with positive antibody-covered bacteria, showing evidence of some invasion of the renal parenchyma [48]. Acute bacterial cystitis complicates 1–4% of all pregnancies and is associated with preterm labour and delivery [49]. Although routine surveillance during antenatal care is designed to detect bacteriuria, this has had no effect on the incidence of cystitis. This suggests that most infections arise without antecedent bacteriuria [50]. Most patients who develop cystitis presents with negative cultures at the beginning of the pregnancy [51].