the DBMS serves as the intermediary between the user and the database. The database structure itself is stored as
a collection of files, and the only way to access the data in those files is through the DBMS. Figure 1.2 emphasizes
the point that the DBMS presents the end user (or application program) with a single, integrated view of the data in
the database. The DBMS receives all application requests and translates them into the complex operations required
to fulfill those requests. The DBMS hides much of the database’s internal complexity from the application programs
and users. The application program might be written by a programmer using a programming language such as Visual
Basic.NET, Java, or C#, or it might be created through a DBMS utility program.