Emulsifier incorporation and fat replacement were the most influential factors on the batter’s thermal properties.
Emulsifieraddition at both levels, E1 and E2, had the same effect on batter To, Tp, and Tc, at all the fat replacement levels studied. When 50% of fat was replaced with inulin, the To, Tp, and Tc of the batters with emulsifier were shifted to higher values than in all the other batters.