NOD (non-obese diabetic) mice were fed an A1 diet or an A2 diet for 10 weeks followed by
isolation of their pancreas, Quantification of mRNA levels of insulin receptor (INSR) and
insulin receptor substrate type 1 (IRS1) was performed. As Indicated in Figure 7, mRNA
levels of INSR and IRS1 were both lower in the pancreas from NOD mice (N=5) fed the A1 30 diet compared with NOD mice fed the A2 diet. This indicates that the A1 diet leads to
decreased mRNA levels of insulin receptor. This coincides with the altered เหนือพันธุกรรม status
of INSR and IRS1 induced by BCM-7 in cells. Hence, beta-casein A1 decreases insulin
sensitivity, which results in altered glucose metabolism and homeostasis.
These studies represent the first clear scientific evidence of a link between beta-
35 casein A1 consumption and high levels of glucose in blood. Through the applicant's
findings, an alternative potential solution is provided to the problems that are suffered by
diabetics, i.e. the avoidance of beta-casein A1 in diet. The control of blood glucose levels
requires daily, even hourly, vigilance by diabetics. Levels are manipulated by the injection
of insulin and the strict regulation of food intake. Since the การประดิษฐ์นี้ leads
generally to lower blood glucose levels, i.e. particularly by replacing foods containing beta-
casein A1 with foods containing beta-casein A2, this represents a means for managing blood glucose homeostasis, decreasing insulin resistance and potentially reducing the frequency of insulin injections needed by diabetics and the amounts of insulin that need to be
5 administered.
It is well-known that excessive amounts of carbohydrates, especially simple sugars, in the diet of humans increases the risk of developing insulin resistance which subsequently leads to downstream symptoms of conditions such as type II diabetes and metabolic
syndrome. Since beta-casein A1 in the diet increases DPPIV activity and down regulates 10 INSR and IRS1 and IRS4 gene expression relative to beta-casein A2, and therefore leads to
high blood glucose levels, a diet that contains little or no beta-casein A1 is beneficial for
health.
In practical terms, the benefits of the การประดิษฐ์ can be achieved for large populations
by sourcing milk having a beta-casein content that is predominantly beta-casein A2 and 15 producing products derived from that milk, and making that milk and those products
available for the purpose of regulating blood glucose levels and management of the
symptoms of diabetes and other conditions where hyperglycemia manifests.
The milk of cows can be tested for the relative proportions of beta-casein A1 and
beta-casein A2. Alternatively, cows can be genetically tested for their ability to produce 20 milk containing beta-casein A1 or beta-casein A2 or a combination of both. These
techniques are well-known.
The การประดิษฐ์นี้ provides a solution that is comparatively easy to manage, i.e. avoidance of milk or milk products that contain beta-casein A1 and ensuring that milk and milk products in the diet contain beta-casein that is predominantly beta-casein A2,
25 preferably 100% beta-casein A2.
Any reference to prior art documents in this specification is not to be considered an admission that such prior art is widely known or forms part of the common general knowledge in the field.
30 As used in this specification, the words "ประกอบรวมด้วย", "ซึ่งประกอบรวมด้วย", and similar words,
are not to be interpreted in an exclusive or exhaustive sense. In other words, they are intended to mean "ที่รวมถึง, but not limited to".
The การประดิษฐ์ Is further described with reference to the following examples. It will be appreciated that the การประดิษฐ์ as claimed is not intended to be limited in any way by these
35 examples.
9
EXAMPLES
Example 1; Feeding Methodology
Seventy two weaned (four week old) male Wistar rats were used. Following a 7-day
acclimatisation period on a control diet, the rats were fed for either 12 or 60 hours with one 5 of three diets: 100% A1 diet, 100% A2 diet, control diet (n=6 per treatment). The protein
component of the diets were derived from skim milk (for the A1 and A2 diets) and on egg
white (for the non-milk protein control diet), and were balanced for energy and
macronutrient composition (see Table 1). Fifteen minutes before the end of the time
period, rats received either naloxone or saline (control) via intra-peritoneal injection, and
10 were then orally gavaged with a non-digestible tracer, titanium dioxide. Faecal and urine
samples were collected at 7 time points over the following 24 hours, and stored at -20 °C
(faecal) or -80 °C (urine) until they were analysed.