Textural analysis
Dough samples were evaluated by the texture profile analysis (TPA) method using a Texture Analyzer (texture analyzer: LLOYD instruments, England) equipped with a 1000 (N) load cell, and a 0.05 (N) detection range. A sample of dough was transferred into a moulded Nalgene polypropylene tube (5 cm height) that was placed in a fixture to hold it in place under the Texture Analyzer. An acrylic cylindrical probe was used to compress the sample by 50% of its original height (40 mm) at a speed of 10 mm/s. The Texture Analyzer was interfaced with a computer, which controls the instruments and analyses the data, using the software supplied by Texture Technologies Corp. Textural parameters (hardness, cohesion, springiness, adhesion and chewiness (Chewiness is a secondary texture parameter that is associated with difficulty in chewing the sample and forming a bolus before swallowing) were calculated from the TPA curves. In fact, the hardness represent the peak force of the first compression cycle, stickiness is the distance of the detected height of the product on the second compression divided by the original compression distance, cohesiveness (ratio of positive areas of second cycle to area of first cycle), adhesiveness (negative force area of the first byte represented the work necessary to pull the compressing plunger away from the sample), were determined.