31Article 6(3), EU Directive 2001/29/EC “For the purposes of this Directive, the expression
‘technological measures’ means any technology, device or component that, in the normal course
of its operation, is designed to prevent or restrict acts, in respect of works or other subject-matter,
which are not authorized by the right holder of any copyright or any right related to copyright as
provided for by law or the sui generis right provided for in Chapter III of Directive 96/9/EC.
Technological measures shall be deemed ‘effective’ where the use of a protected work or other
subject-matter is controlled by the right holders through application of an access control or protection
process, such as encryption, scrambling or other transformation of the work or other subject-matter
or a copy control mechanism, which achieves the protection objective.”