Nevertheless, there has been a strong
connection between citizenship and nationstate
formation, as sociologists such as
Reinhard Bendix (1964) recognized. In the
nineteenth century Citizenship became a
platform for racial exclusion and a foundation
for ‘national manhood’. In the twentieth century,
it has often been intimately connected
with the construction and maintenance of a
global labour market of ‘guests and aliens’
as Saskia Sassen has demonstrated. If Marx
was concerned about the tensions between
political and social rights, we should be
exercised by the problem of citizen and
human rights.