In the present study, C. Arthromitus known as segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB), noncultivable, spore-forming, Clostridia-related commensal bacteria that colonizes the digestive tracts of animal species,was identified in 3 commercial broiler breed. As the core OTU, C. Arthromitus was identified in all three groups (control, NE and NE+XT) of the Cobb and Hubbard
broilers. In Ross broilers, it was detected only in the control group and not found in NE and (NE +XT) samples (Tables 2 and 3). It is assumed that these bacteria may move up and down to other intestinal segments after infection. The most intriguing feature of SFB is their close interaction with epithelial cells in the terminal ileum and their intimate cross talk with the host immune system. C. Arthromitus is belonging to gut-indigenous Clostridium to develop and induce immune regulatory T (Treg) cells. Intestinal Treg cells are reported to express T cell receptors that recognize antigen derived from gut microbiota. The recent study showed that SFB sends signals to control the balance between IL-17 producing T helper (Th17) cells which sustain mucosal immune, and Foxp3+ in the intestine, Our previous studies also reported that the chicken IL-17A transcript increases in the duodenum and jejunum of E. maxima infected chickens. In this current study, upon XT treatment there was a different shift of bacterial community in samples of NE and (NE + XT) groups in all broiler breeds. Therefore, the co-infection of E. maxima and C. perfringens may influence to the presence of C. Arthromitus and host immune systemin Ross chickens. It is interesting to observe that both Cobb and Hubbard breeds showed very similar
pattern of bacterial changes. We presumed that Cobb and Hubbard may have same genetic background not Ross. It still remains crucial for investigating to be elucidated the functional immune modulatory role of C. Arthromitus on the dietary phytonutrients in genetically different
broiler breeds. In the present study, despite of lower sequencing coverage (Table 1), the majority of the bacterial diversity was enable to be captured and identified (Table 2). However, it is necessary to evaluate the detail composition of gut microbiota community by sufficient
sequencing depth and extensive interaction between members of gut microbiota and phytonutrient supplements on both NE infection and absent infection because of a large number of bacteria remain unidentified.
In the present study, C. Arthromitus known as segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB), noncultivable, spore-forming, Clostridia-related commensal bacteria that colonizes the digestive tracts of animal species,was identified in 3 commercial broiler breed. As the core OTU, C. Arthromitus was identified in all three groups (control, NE and NE+XT) of the Cobb and Hubbardbroilers. In Ross broilers, it was detected only in the control group and not found in NE and (NE +XT) samples (Tables 2 and 3). It is assumed that these bacteria may move up and down to other intestinal segments after infection. The most intriguing feature of SFB is their close interaction with epithelial cells in the terminal ileum and their intimate cross talk with the host immune system. C. Arthromitus is belonging to gut-indigenous Clostridium to develop and induce immune regulatory T (Treg) cells. Intestinal Treg cells are reported to express T cell receptors that recognize antigen derived from gut microbiota. The recent study showed that SFB sends signals to control the balance between IL-17 producing T helper (Th17) cells which sustain mucosal immune, and Foxp3+ in the intestine, Our previous studies also reported that the chicken IL-17A transcript increases in the duodenum and jejunum of E. maxima infected chickens. In this current study, upon XT treatment there was a different shift of bacterial community in samples of NE and (NE + XT) groups in all broiler breeds. Therefore, the co-infection of E. maxima and C. perfringens may influence to the presence of C. Arthromitus and host immune systemin Ross chickens. It is interesting to observe that both Cobb and Hubbard breeds showed very similarpattern of bacterial changes. We presumed that Cobb and Hubbard may have same genetic background not Ross. It still remains crucial for investigating to be elucidated the functional immune modulatory role of C. Arthromitus on the dietary phytonutrients in genetically different
broiler breeds. In the present study, despite of lower sequencing coverage (Table 1), the majority of the bacterial diversity was enable to be captured and identified (Table 2). However, it is necessary to evaluate the detail composition of gut microbiota community by sufficient
sequencing depth and extensive interaction between members of gut microbiota and phytonutrient supplements on both NE infection and absent infection because of a large number of bacteria remain unidentified.
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