A successful project also requires task-specific institutional knowledge. Gaining this knowledge through task analysis (Newell and Simon 1972; Zemke and Kramlinger 1982; Desberg and Taylor 1986) entails specifying, at a very detailed level, the steps one goes through to perform a task (including the information used) and the skills one needs to perform those steps adequately. The techniques used for task analysis include reading various documents and reviewing records that show the actual performance of the task. Documents to read include company manuals and flowcharts, professional standards, textbooks and training manuals, practitioner articles, case studies, and workpapers and memos completed by practitioners. One also should reference the related archival literature (e.g., Hirst et al. 1995; Libby and Tan 1999). For example, an archival study that examines the factors that investors appear to consider in valuing a particular account (as evidenced by stock prices) might provide some indirect evidence about the actual steps investors go through in making such judgments