Further,
employees’ levels of optimism can also be developed when they are encouraged to view
uncertainties in the future as opportunities for growth and advancement, and embrace them with a
positive attitude (Luthans and Youssef 2004).
Budget participation is a practice characterized by interpersonal relations between the
supervisor and the employee. Supervisors are in a position to influence employees’ favorable
assessments of good or bad events. Organizations employ budget participation to provide an