clinical Use
ESL has been approved for use in the European Union by the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) and is currently under review by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States. It is indicated as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of partial seizures in adults. Monotherapy trials are currently being performed. The spectrum of action of ESL is similar to that of CBZ and OXC and limited to partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. It is not expected to be effective against absence or myoclonic seizures.
The drug is available as liquid suspension or tablet form in strengths of 400 mg, 600 mg, and 800 mg. Both formulations have the same bioequivalence.15 The recommended dose in adults is 800 mg/d. The drugs should be started at a dose of 400 mg/d for 1–2 weeks before reaching the maintenance dose. Based on the individual clinical response, the dose can be increased to 1200 mg/d. Plasma levels have a linear correlation with the dose, but a “therapeutic range” has not been established. In the clinical trials mean ESL plasma levels were approximately 5 mcg/ml at 800 mg/d and 9 mcg/ml at 1200 mg/d.27 ESL is eliminated mostly by renal excretion and dose adjustments are needed for patients with Clcr between 30–60 ml/min. It should be used with great caution in patients with Clcr , 30 ml/min.23 No dose
adjustment is generally needed in mild or moderate hepatic impairment; however, there are no studies on the disposition of ESL in severe hepatic impairment.19 The most common side effects include dizziness, somnolence, headache, nausea and vomiting.28 Rash was observed in about 1% of patients treated with ESL. Overall, the risk for hyponatremia appears to be low (about 1%) and most cases are asymptomatic. The risk of hyponatremia is increased with a higher dose of ESL, pre-existing renal disease or concomitant use of other medications that can lower the sodium.
summary
ESL acetate is a novel voltage-gated sodium channel blocker structurally related to CBZ and OXC. It has proven efficacious as adjunctive therapy in adult patients with partial-onset epilepsy. ESL has a favorable tolerability profile and is preferably used in a once-daily dosing. It has a better pharmacokinetic pro- file than CBZ with low potential for drug-drug interac- tions and no autoinduction of metabolism. It may be associated with lower rates of hyponatremia than CBZ or OXC, and may have a lower incidence of allergic rash as well. Comparative efficacy trials against other antiepileptic drugs are lacking, but the efficacy, based on the preclinical trials of the other antiepileptic drugs, appears to be similar. The most commonly reported adverseeffectsincludedizziness,somnolence,headache nausea and vomiting. There is limited data available in children, and monotherapy use.29
Disclosure
This manuscript has been read and approved by all authors. This paper is unique and is not under consideration by any other publication and has not been published elsewhere. The authors and peer reviewers of this paper report no conflicts of interest. The authors confirm that they have permission to reproduce any copyrighted material.
clinical Use
ESL has been approved for use in the European Union by the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) and is currently under review by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States. It is indicated as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of partial seizures in adults. Monotherapy trials are currently being performed. The spectrum of action of ESL is similar to that of CBZ and OXC and limited to partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures. It is not expected to be effective against absence or myoclonic seizures.
The drug is available as liquid suspension or tablet form in strengths of 400 mg, 600 mg, and 800 mg. Both formulations have the same bioequivalence.15 The recommended dose in adults is 800 mg/d. The drugs should be started at a dose of 400 mg/d for 1–2 weeks before reaching the maintenance dose. Based on the individual clinical response, the dose can be increased to 1200 mg/d. Plasma levels have a linear correlation with the dose, but a “therapeutic range” has not been established. In the clinical trials mean ESL plasma levels were approximately 5 mcg/ml at 800 mg/d and 9 mcg/ml at 1200 mg/d.27 ESL is eliminated mostly by renal excretion and dose adjustments are needed for patients with Clcr between 30–60 ml/min. It should be used with great caution in patients with Clcr , 30 ml/min.23 No dose
adjustment is generally needed in mild or moderate hepatic impairment; however, there are no studies on the disposition of ESL in severe hepatic impairment.19 The most common side effects include dizziness, somnolence, headache, nausea and vomiting.28 Rash was observed in about 1% of patients treated with ESL. Overall, the risk for hyponatremia appears to be low (about 1%) and most cases are asymptomatic. The risk of hyponatremia is increased with a higher dose of ESL, pre-existing renal disease or concomitant use of other medications that can lower the sodium.
summary
ESL acetate is a novel voltage-gated sodium channel blocker structurally related to CBZ and OXC. It has proven efficacious as adjunctive therapy in adult patients with partial-onset epilepsy. ESL has a favorable tolerability profile and is preferably used in a once-daily dosing. It has a better pharmacokinetic pro- file than CBZ with low potential for drug-drug interac- tions and no autoinduction of metabolism. It may be associated with lower rates of hyponatremia than CBZ or OXC, and may have a lower incidence of allergic rash as well. Comparative efficacy trials against other antiepileptic drugs are lacking, but the efficacy, based on the preclinical trials of the other antiepileptic drugs, appears to be similar. The most commonly reported adverseeffectsincludedizziness,somnolence,headache nausea and vomiting. There is limited data available in children, and monotherapy use.29
Disclosure
This manuscript has been read and approved by all authors. This paper is unique and is not under consideration by any other publication and has not been published elsewhere. The authors and peer reviewers of this paper report no conflicts of interest. The authors confirm that they have permission to reproduce any copyrighted material.
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