the formal environment’’ includes an organization’s structures, processes, methods, and procedures developed to help people
achieve strategic alignment (Nadler & Tushman, 1980;
Wyman, 2003), while the ‘‘informal environment’’ consists
of unwritten and unformalized practices and processes
that are embedded in the beliefs and values of the organization (Wyman, 2003). In sum, the congruence model suggests that in order to fully understand how firms perform,
one must understand ‘‘the critical transformation process
through which people, working within the context of both
formal and informal arrangements, convert input into output’’