In addition, melting of barley straw ash covered a wider
temperature range, from 950 °C to 1250 °C, without seeing evident swelling of the tested ash specimens.
The dissimilar melting properties are probably due to the different elemental compositions of two ashes,
which influence the chemistry involved in the ash melting processes.[13, 22] As shown in Figures 1 and 2,
kaolin and calcite addition had significant effects on the fusion temperatures of barley straw and husk
ashes. The kaolin addition led to an increase of the barley husk ash initial melting temperature from 856
°C to 1100 °C. A similar enhancing effect on the barley husk ash initial melting temperature was observed
upon the calcite addition