For households that owned only non-tapping plantations, all of them in
Zones I and II and most of them in Zone III (90.1%) and the RNP area (75.0%) who
have small size plantations (< 2.4 ha) used only family labors, while some in Zone III
(9.9%) and the RNP area (25.0%) used both family labors and hired labors; none used
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only hired labors (Table 4.2). For households that owned medium size non-tapping
plantations (2.4-4.8 ha), the majority of them in Zone II (62.5%) and Zone III (94.3%)
used only family labors, while the remaining households used both family and hired
labors. However, all households in the RNP area used both family and hired labors,
while one household in Zone I used only hired labor and the other two households
used both family and hired labors. No household in all four zones has large rubber
plantation (> 4.8 ha) at the non-tapping stage. Overall, for non-tapping rubber
plantations, labors used were predominantly family labors, supplemented by small
numbers of hired labors in the RNP area or for medium size plantations in the RP
area.