For instance Black, Mendenhall & Oddou (1991) identify a typology of adjustment difficulties formed of four major elements: individual factors, non-work factors, organisational factors and job factors. However, while issues of culture and the family occupy a central place, homesickness is not mentioned. Similarly, homesickness is absent from Hechanova et al.’s (2003) model of expatriate adjustment and Briscoe & Schuler’s (2004) influential text in the field, does not address the issue.