A second important direction for future research will be to assess the hypothesized link between the psychological and physiological effects of positive emotions. Specifically, does the psychological broadening effect track or mediate the physiological undoing effect? To test this hypothesis, repeated measures of cognitive broadening could be introduced into the cardiovascular undoing paradigm (Fredrickson et al., 2000), assessing the breadth of cognition at baseline, then immediately following negative emotion induction, and a third time following the experimental manipulation of positive, neutral, or negative states. The prediction would be that negative emotions simultaneously increase cardiovascular activation and narrow the scope of cognition, whereas positive emotions simultaneously undo cardiovascular activation and broaden the scope of cognition, and that changes in broadening mediate cardiovascular recovery. Confirmatory results from such a study would be necessary to support the claim that psychological broadening accounts for the cardiovascular undoing effect.