Waste biomass is composed of varying ratios of macromolecules e.g. carbohydrates (cellulose and starch), lignin, lipids, and proteins.
Initially, the macromolecules are broken down into their monomer units
The monomer units are further cleaved and broken into smaller fragment molecules.
O2 and other heteroatoms (e.g. N, S, P), are removed leaving behind the initial C and H atoms in the form of low molecular weight compounds.
This process maximizes the energy content of bio-oil and increases the value and ability to refine the final product