The basic formulation of the bread was 100 g wheat flour, 2 g
sodium chloride, 5 g sucrose, 3 g fresh yeast, 3 g hydrogenated vegetable fat, 0.009 g ascorbic acid and 57e60 g water. The levels of chia flour and chia seeds in relation to the wheat flour and that of the hydrogenated vegetable fat varied depending on the experimental design. This formulation was that used by El-Dash (1978), with modifications.