A recent 44-item Likert scale on ICTAC developed by Kurt et al. (2012) was administered to 83 CEIT
instructors and 2570 students. Both implementations had high internal consistency coefficients (i.e.
0.95 and 0.97) and a robust single-factor structure. After the descriptive analyses, four outlier
universities (i.e. two high-level, two low-level) in terms of the ICTAC average were detected. Then,
seven instructors and 16 students enrolled at these universities were selected as the participants of
the current study, which represented a purposeful sampling procedure. Two of the instructors were
females, and the other five were males. Six of participant students were females and the rest were
males. The real names of the participants were not mentioned in the study due to privacy issues and
all were given pseudo names.