3.2. Getting the Framework Right: Policy and Planning
This strategy is very broad, but also extremely important. Without effective policy and planning, it will be difficult to achieve sustainable tourism and protection of cultural heritage. As noted by the EU, private enterprise is the mainspring of tourism, but the sustainable development of this sector requires public sector involvement in establishing the necessary legislative framework and regional planning, in coordinating the various administrative levels of competence, and ensuring coordinated action amongst the various stakeholders. For example, South African policy is that tourism should be government led, privatesector driven, and community based. Many countries have been involved in tourism planning for several years, but the resulting plans and actions have not always addressed important issues. In addition, the planning process often has not involved important actors (discussed below) and/or has not been well-coordinated with the planning and actions of relevant agencies, including agencies responsible for preservation and management of cultural and natural heritage. Often, the problem is even more acute for planning in the heritage arena.36 Development cooperation can play an important role in supporting planning efforts. For example, USAID supported the development of the Red Sea Tourism Action Plan in Egypt. Likewise, in 1991 UNESCO became active in the efforts to conserve and develop Angkor and has been involved in drafting relevant legislation (policy), as well as preparing a Zoning and Environmental Management Plan (planning) for the site. Development cooperation can also be dependent on effective planning efforts. As NORAD notes with respect to development planning, “well-designed five year development plans have been crucial in developing Botswana according to the intentions and de-cisions of the Parliament, and have been a valuable guideline in planning and implementing development activities.” Policies are a natural outgrowth of the planning process, as they are a means of achieving the objectives set out in the plans. As with planning, policy development in tourism is fairly well advanced, though often oriented more toward growth than sustainability. With respect to cultural heritage, many countries have yet to develop a coherent set of policies for the identification and protection of heritage resources. One important concern within the policy context is that, to varying degrees across countries, many laws and regulations remain “on the books” without being implemented effectively in practice. Another concern is that individual policies are often uncoordinated and work against each other. For example, government regulations in the form of laws and building codes can have a positive impact on heritage resource management by supporting quality development, but can also be contradictory and difficult to implement. One means for focusing attention on a specific niche such as CHT, and promoting coordination across relevant agencies, is to conduct niche tourism strategies, such as the ecotourism and rural tourism strategies developed in Australia. Such processes facilitate discussion and coordination across stakeholders, and help identify opportunities for streamlining regulations.37 The following are selected policy areas relevant to CHT:
• environmental and cultural standards;
• high quality registration/documentation;
• land ownership and use policies;
• investment conditions (such as joint venture requirements);
• human resource development;
• tourist safety;
• pricing policies; and
• business regulation (the challenge of lifting obstacles to an efficient private sector, while ensuring that environmental and social objectives are being achieved). Some of these are discussed in the following sections. Development cooperation can assist in the development of policy in each of these areas. For example, USAID has emphasized pricing policies in its assistance program.
3.2 รับกรอบขวา: นโยบายและแผน This strategy is very broad, but also extremely important. Without effective policy and planning, it will be difficult to achieve sustainable tourism and protection of cultural heritage. As noted by the EU, private enterprise is the mainspring of tourism, but the sustainable development of this sector requires public sector involvement in establishing the necessary legislative framework and regional planning, in coordinating the various administrative levels of competence, and ensuring coordinated action amongst the various stakeholders. For example, South African policy is that tourism should be government led, privatesector driven, and community based. Many countries have been involved in tourism planning for several years, but the resulting plans and actions have not always addressed important issues. In addition, the planning process often has not involved important actors (discussed below) and/or has not been well-coordinated with the planning and actions of relevant agencies, including agencies responsible for preservation and management of cultural and natural heritage. Often, the problem is even more acute for planning in the heritage arena.36 Development cooperation can play an important role in supporting planning efforts. For example, USAID supported the development of the Red Sea Tourism Action Plan in Egypt. Likewise, in 1991 UNESCO became active in the efforts to conserve and develop Angkor and has been involved in drafting relevant legislation (policy), as well as preparing a Zoning and Environmental Management Plan (planning) for the site. Development cooperation can also be dependent on effective planning efforts. As NORAD notes with respect to development planning, “well-designed five year development plans have been crucial in developing Botswana according to the intentions and de-cisions of the Parliament, and have been a valuable guideline in planning and implementing development activities.” Policies are a natural outgrowth of the planning process, as they are a means of achieving the objectives set out in the plans. As with planning, policy development in tourism is fairly well advanced, though often oriented more toward growth than sustainability. With respect to cultural heritage, many countries have yet to develop a coherent set of policies for the identification and protection of heritage resources. One important concern within the policy context is that, to varying degrees across countries, many laws and regulations remain “on the books” without being implemented effectively in practice. Another concern is that individual policies are often uncoordinated and work against each other. For example, government regulations in the form of laws and building codes can have a positive impact on heritage resource management by supporting quality development, but can also be contradictory and difficult to implement. One means for focusing attention on a specific niche such as CHT, and promoting coordination across relevant agencies, is to conduct niche tourism strategies, such as the ecotourism and rural tourism strategies developed in Australia. Such processes facilitate discussion and coordination across stakeholders, and help identify opportunities for streamlining regulations.37 The following are selected policy areas relevant to CHT: •สิ่งแวดล้อม และวัฒนธรรมมาตรฐาน คุณภาพสูง•ลงทะเบียน/เอกสาร •เป็นเจ้าของที่ดิน และใช้นโยบาย •เงื่อนไขการลงทุน (เช่นกิจการต้อง); •การพัฒนาทรัพยากรมนุษย์ •ท่องเที่ยวปลอดภัย •นโยบาย การกำหนดราคา และ •ธุรกิจระเบียบ (ความท้าทายในการยกอุปสรรคในภาคเอกชนมีประสิทธิภาพ ในขณะที่ใจมีการบรรลุวัตถุประสงค์ด้านสิ่งแวดล้อม และสังคม) เหล่านี้จะกล่าวถึงในส่วนต่อไปนี้ พัฒนาความร่วมมือสามารถช่วยในการพัฒนานโยบายในแต่ละด้าน ตัวอย่าง USAID ได้เน้นนโยบายการกำหนดราคาในโปรแกรมช่วยเหลือการ
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