The earliest publication that dealt specifically with the structure of risk assessment applicable to foodborne human health effects was the “red book” of the NRC (1983). The basic structure or managerial framework of risk assess- ment was initially described by four elements: hazard identification, exposure assessment, dose-response assessment, and risk characterization (NRC, 1983). A list of 11 principles for risk assessment for microbiological hazards is pro- vided in Table 3.1 (CCFH, 1998).