10. substance ทรัพย์สมบัติ
The term substance has been used in a
variety of ways in philosophy. In modern philosophy,
a substance is a thing capable of independent
existence. Substances are contrasted with
qualities and relations, on the one hand, and
complexes, on the other. These are all merely
ways that substances are. Philosophers have had
dramatically different opinions about what meets
these conditions. Descartes thought that there
were two basically different kinds of substance,
material and immaterial, and there were many of
each, and that no way of being material was a
way of being mental and vice versa. Spinoza
thought that there was but one substance, and
material and mental reality were aspects of it.