1) Oliver developed the expectation disconfirmation theory, which uses the disconfirmation paradigm to evaluate satisfaction. This theory suggests that the expectation creates a reference frame in which the individual makes a comparative judgment about product performance. Performance worse than the expected is classified as “below” in this reference frame, leading to a negative disconfirmation. Performance better than the expected is classified as “above” in this reference frame, which generates positive disconfirmation. Expectation and performance variables, therefore, influence user satisfaction (Oliver, 1980). Information sys- tems research used this theory to evaluate user satisfaction in studies performed