The leadeacid battery has inherent characteristics that make it
attractive for many applications. These include high specific power
and power density, high volumetric energy density, and low initial
cost. Compared to the negative plate, the positive plate is performance
limiting [1e4], and therefore many works have been done to
improve its capacity by adding positive plate additives [5e8]. It was
concluded that the low coefficient of utilization of the positive
active material is due to the fact that pore blockage and the limit of
pore size caused by PbSO4 both blocks the diffusion in the pores
and leads to a lack of electrolyte [9e11]. Due to the amount of nonreacted
material in the form of isolated PbO2, the specific capacity
of the battery is low