Confucianism as a state doctrine
Under the rule of the First Emperor of Qin 秦始皇 (r. 246-210 BCE), the "hundred schools of thought" were abolished and had to cede in order to make room for legalism and practical sciences like medicine, agriculture, divination and military thought. This stance was relaxed at the beginning of the Han period 漢 (206 BCE-220 CE). The first Han rulers were adherents of a Daoist policy of non-action. This "free market" policy helped the national economy recovering after decades of war and unrest. Yet an advisor of the founder of the Han, Shusun Tong 叔孫通, stressed the importance to make use of scholars expert in Confucianism in order to establish a good-working administration. Under the rule of Emperor Wu 漢武帝 (r. 141-87 BCE), Dong Zhongshu 董仲舒, a philosopher who combined cosmologic speculation with the Confucian view on the state, convinced the emperor that the adoption Confucianism as the sole state doctrine would greatly profit the coherence of dynasty, bureaucray and the empire. All other schools were not further considered as worth being sponsored by the state (bachu baijia 罷黜百家 "driving out the hundred schools"). Han period Confucianism did not consist of a single tradition. There were mainly three traditions fighting for intellectual dominance over the other. These are the new text school (jinwenpai 今文派), the old text school (guwenpai 古文派), and the schools of the apocryphal writings (chenweixue 讖緯派). The new text school relied on Confucian classics that had survived the prohibition of the Qin period. The old test school interpreted texts that were allegedly discovered in the walls of Confucius' mansion in Qufu, being hidden to escape the First Emperor's book burning decrete. The apocryphal texts contained material interpreting Confucian teachings as related to Heavenly revelations. The new text school prevailed during the Former Han period 前漢 (206 BCE-8 CE), the old text school during the Later Han period 後漢 (25-220 CE). Only at the end of the Later Han period, adherents of the new text school again gained ground. The most famous old texts scholars, interpreters and commentors are Zheng Xing 鄭興, Jia Kui 賈逵 and Ma Rong 馬融, while Zheng Xuan 鄭玄 was the most important new text commentator of the very late Han time. His interpretation of the Confucian classics is known as the "teachings of Zheng" (Zhengxue 鄭學).
Confucianism เป็นลัทธิรัฐUnder the rule of the First Emperor of Qin 秦始皇 (r. 246-210 BCE), the "hundred schools of thought" were abolished and had to cede in order to make room for legalism and practical sciences like medicine, agriculture, divination and military thought. This stance was relaxed at the beginning of the Han period 漢 (206 BCE-220 CE). The first Han rulers were adherents of a Daoist policy of non-action. This "free market" policy helped the national economy recovering after decades of war and unrest. Yet an advisor of the founder of the Han, Shusun Tong 叔孫通, stressed the importance to make use of scholars expert in Confucianism in order to establish a good-working administration. Under the rule of Emperor Wu 漢武帝 (r. 141-87 BCE), Dong Zhongshu 董仲舒, a philosopher who combined cosmologic speculation with the Confucian view on the state, convinced the emperor that the adoption Confucianism as the sole state doctrine would greatly profit the coherence of dynasty, bureaucray and the empire. All other schools were not further considered as worth being sponsored by the state (bachu baijia 罷黜百家 "driving out the hundred schools"). Han period Confucianism did not consist of a single tradition. There were mainly three traditions fighting for intellectual dominance over the other. These are the new text school (jinwenpai 今文派), the old text school (guwenpai 古文派), and the schools of the apocryphal writings (chenweixue 讖緯派). The new text school relied on Confucian classics that had survived the prohibition of the Qin period. The old test school interpreted texts that were allegedly discovered in the walls of Confucius' mansion in Qufu, being hidden to escape the First Emperor's book burning decrete. The apocryphal texts contained material interpreting Confucian teachings as related to Heavenly revelations. The new text school prevailed during the Former Han period 前漢 (206 BCE-8 CE), the old text school during the Later Han period 後漢 (25-220 CE). Only at the end of the Later Han period, adherents of the new text school again gained ground. The most famous old texts scholars, interpreters and commentors are Zheng Xing 鄭興, Jia Kui 賈逵 and Ma Rong 馬融, while Zheng Xuan 鄭玄 was the most important new text commentator of the very late Han time. His interpretation of the Confucian classics is known as the "teachings of Zheng" (Zhengxue 鄭學).
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