In order to determine the earth pressure acting on a restrained retaining wall, Eq. 11.1 can be utilized
where the coefficient of earth pressure at rest (ko) is substituted for kA. The value of ko can be
estimated from Eqs. 4.19 and 4.20. A common value of ko that is used for restrained retaining walls
is 0.5. Restrained retaining walls are especially susceptible to higher earth pressures induced by
heavy compaction equipment and extra care must be taken during the compaction of backfill for
restrained retaining walls.