Criteria for a satisfactory environment for dairy cattle include thermal comfort (effective environmental temperature), physical comfort (injury-free space and
contact surfaces), disease control (good ventilation and clean surroundings), and freedom from fear.
Cattle can thrive in almost any region of the world if they are given
ample shelter from excessive wind, solar radiation, and precipitation.
Milk production declines as air temperature exceeds 24°C (75°F) or
falls below −12°C (10°F) for Holstein and Brown Swiss cows or below −1°C (30°F) for Jerseys