Walton et al. (1998) use a comparable three
phase model that starts with ``comply with the
letter of the law'' (reactive) and goes from
``clean up'' to proactive. Despite the fact that
Kopicki et al. (1993) use the proactive phase
as a second phase the explanation of the
proactive approach provided by Walton et al.
(1998) is comparable to that of the valueseeking
phase of Kopicki et al. (1993).
Companies are integrating environmental
management into corporate strategic planning
and into day-to-day processes as they adopt a
resource-productivity framework to maximize
benefits attained from environmental programs