The latter, a standard test of SES in the United States, was not used since it was not applicable to the Philippine cohort due to culture differences. The Roberto scale ranges from A (highest) to E (lowest). About 59% of the homes were in the class D and E category. The cleanliness of home and surroundings was rated as fair (72.6%). The toilet was predominantly water seal (82.1%); water source was either piped in (53.1%) or from a well (38.9%); waste disposal was via sewer (27.3%) or canal (60.9%); 59.0% had organized garbage collection. Most homes had problems with flies (91.6%), roaches (90.0%) and mosquitoes (98.0%).