The association between exposure to piroxicam, meloxicam or ketorolac and adjusted risk of
CKD was not significantly modified by the presence of hypertension or diabetes mellitus. The
risk of CKD increased by 28% (adj. OR: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.08–1.52; p = 0.004) and by 11% (adj.
OR: 1.11; 95% CI: 1.00–1.23; p = 0.041) for each additional cumulative month of therapy with
meloxicam considering the time windows within one year prior and any time prior to ID, respectively
(Table 2). Furthermore, the risk of CKD increased by 19% (adj. OR: 1.19; 95%CI:
0.98–1.46; p = 0.085) and by 13% (adj. OR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.03–1.24; p = 0.007) for each additional
cumulative month of therapy with piroxicam within one year prior and any time prior to ID,
respectively (Table 2). Accordingly, as shown in Fig 4, among current users of piroxicam, the
highest statistically significant increase of CKD risk was observed for cumulative exposure higher than 180 days (adj. OR: 5.73; 95% CI: 1.10–29.69; p = 0.038), as well as for meloxicam
(adj. OR: 4.24; 95% CI: 1.08–16.71; p = 0.039). Ketorolac was always used for less than 3 months.