Moderator effects
There is significant heterogeneity between the 11 studies, some of which can be attributed to moderator effects. In
examining the potential moderators, some moderators have an effect in contributing to the differences in the main effects
while others did not. In this study, the moderator effects of type of PMT, number of sessions, session duration, child age,
delivery type, delivery setting, and facilitator education were examined. Of these moderators, number of sessions, session
duration, and child age had no effect on child behavior. Type of PMT (Stepping Stones Triple P1, The Incredible Years1, and
Parents Plus Programme), delivery type (individual, group, or mixed), delivery setting, and facilitator education (graduate
degree, no graduate degree) all have significant effects on child behavior outcomes.