Chapter 3
An analysis of the financial statements.
3.1 the meaning of financial statement analysis, vertical and horizontal.
3.1.1 vertical financial statements.
Vertical financial statements compare year-to-year financial statements (Year by Year), which shows the change of the year in any one year that increased or decreased from the year before. Make year-to-year trends. An analysis of the financial report, the vertical data analyzed will use financial statements: income statement and financial statement. How to calculate the percent of a vertical display as follows:
1. vertical percentage of profit and loss statement. All of the business income is used as the basis for calculating the percent value is equal to 100, the movement analysis of the known changes in revenue and expenses in the income statement for each item that has a percentage of income and how many expenses.
The vertical cent in profit and loss items in the profit and loss = 0 X 100/total revenues each year.
2. vertical percentage of financial statement Using the total assets or total liabilities and owner's equity acts as a base to calculate the value in the percent of assets or liabilities and owner's equity is equal to 100 experts analyze the movement of the flow changes to the notice of the. Liabilities and owner's equity per cent of income and how many expenses.
3.1.2 financial statements. a horizontal (Horizontal Analysis).
The horizontal financial statements is to compare the financial statements last year on year, of which one year or year (Base Year) applies to every year, which would make the year a division or equal to% 7. The base year is supposed to be the year that the business conditions of operation, and is regarded as the standard. An analysis of the financial report, the horizontal data analyses will be used to bring the financial statements: income statement and financial statement since I was 2 years old. How to calculate the percent of landscape.
1. to increase/decrease the differences of individual items in the income statement and financial statement.
2. find the percent increase/decrease of the number of each item based on the amount a year ago (years before) as a basis for the calculation of the base year for calculations is equal to 100% of the portion or percentage increases/decreases of each item compared to a value of per cent per cent value increase/decrease, as a percentage increase/decrease from base year information as well.
3.1.3 financial ratios (Financial Ratios).
Financial ratio is a statistical calculation that shows the relationship between two important items in the financial statements by the first division with one of the items, such as debt to equity per capital. Show the relationship between debt and the cost of the business world will be used to measure the risk of disasters and to compare financial statements. how to find the percent of the total amount in the balance sheet because it shows the relationship between items in the financial statements. The results could indicate better than by numbers only.
3.1.4 analysis of cash flow statement
The ratio measure of ability to pay interest = cash flow from operations before interest expense and income tax expense/cash paid as interest during the year.
From the original. Earnings before interest and taxes/interest expense, which are the numbers based on the criteria of eligibility. Profit before interest expense and income tax expense. non cash items include several items such as depreciation, amortization. Doubtful accounts, etc. This ratio change, the cash paid cash interest expense is paid as interest expense and the burden of debt principal is paid in cash, will be able to analyze all the credit and the ability of the parties or, if the flowers change from cash interest paid as a dividend, you will be able to capable of paying dividends of the business.
Measuring the return on cash
The ratio of cash flow to sales = cash flow from operations/sales.
It is a measure of the proportion of sales that can change back to cash from operations.
Return the cash assets = cash flow from operations before interest and taxes/total average assets.
Return the cash to equity = cash flow from operations/average shareholders ' equity.