Mental health—Respondents were administered the 21-item Beck Depression Inventory24
as part of the follow-up interview. Higher scores reflect greater depression symptoms (α for
this sample was .90). Respondents were also asked how they would rate their general
emotional state (on a five-point scale, with response options of 0=poor to 4=excellent), and
whether they had experienced specific mental health problems in the past 30 days that were
not a direct result of drug or alcohol use. Problems included serious depression that lasted two or more weeks; serious anxiety that lasted two or more weeks; trouble concentrating,
understanding or remembering that lasted two or more weeks; and trouble controlling
violent behavior.