For instance, Section 32(2) stipulates: ‘subject to paragraph one, any act against the
copyright work in paragraph one is not deemed an infringement of copyright; provided that the
act is one of the following: (1) research or study of the work which is not for profit ...’.30 The
wording ‘subject to paragraph one’ requires that the two preconditions in paragraph 1 are to be
satisfied together with the additional condition that such uses must be for the purpose of
research or study which is not for profit in order to be exempted. It also applies to the rest of
the educational exceptions contained in the list of permitted acts under Section 32(2). Similarly,
most specific exceptions in the CA 1994 require the two conditions in Section 32(1) to be
satisfied, together with other additional conditions in order for the acts to be exempted under
these specific exceptions. For instance, Section 34 provides that ‘a reproduction of a copyright
work by a librarian ... is not deemed an infringement of copyright; provided that the purpose of
such reproduction is not for profit and Section 32(1) is complied with ...’.31 In addition,
comparable language can be found in the exception to copyright infringement for use as
reference articulated in Section 33 as well. Therefore, if the two conditions of Section 32(1) are
unclear, this will normally affect the operation of the specific exceptions which rely on them.
For instance, Section 32(2) stipulates: ‘subject to paragraph one, any act against the
copyright work in paragraph one is not deemed an infringement of copyright; provided that the
act is one of the following: (1) research or study of the work which is not for profit ...’.30 The
wording ‘subject to paragraph one’ requires that the two preconditions in paragraph 1 are to be
satisfied together with the additional condition that such uses must be for the purpose of
research or study which is not for profit in order to be exempted. It also applies to the rest of
the educational exceptions contained in the list of permitted acts under Section 32(2). Similarly,
most specific exceptions in the CA 1994 require the two conditions in Section 32(1) to be
satisfied, together with other additional conditions in order for the acts to be exempted under
these specific exceptions. For instance, Section 34 provides that ‘a reproduction of a copyright
work by a librarian ... is not deemed an infringement of copyright; provided that the purpose of
such reproduction is not for profit and Section 32(1) is complied with ...’.31 In addition,
comparable language can be found in the exception to copyright infringement for use as
reference articulated in Section 33 as well. Therefore, if the two conditions of Section 32(1) are
unclear, this will normally affect the operation of the specific exceptions which rely on them.
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