In summary, our findings suggest that blackberry extract with its viral replication inhibitory
and rapid virucidal activities could be an effective topical treatment and/or prophylactic
agent for oral herpetic infections. These findings set the stage for future studies that would
isolate and identify the bioactive anti-HSV molecules in blackberry extract, and determine
whether the bioactive principle(s) in blackberry extract exhibit antiviral effects against
additional HSV strains and serotypes (i.e., HSV-2) in preclinical and toxicity evaluations.