Keenan et al. [266] recently provided evidence for executive dysfunction in untreated menopausalwomen, aswomenwith hormone replacement therapy (HRT) outperformed women without HRT on tests requiring directed attention, inhibition of inappropriate responses, and cognitive set switching. A number of other studies have also provided evidence that estrogen enhances prefrontal cognitive processes such as working memory and attention [267–274], although there are dissenting reports [275]. For instance, a recent study by Joffe et al. [263] found that estrogen replacement in postmenopausal women enhanced executive function, an effect that was strongly correlated with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-documented increases in frontal lobe activity. Interestingly, 6 week treatment with soy phytoestrogens has also been shown to enhance prefrontal cognitive functions, including planning ability and mental flexibility [276].