The seed industry in Myanmar is in the midst of considerable ferment. A Seed Law was enacted in 2011 and private sector participation in the industry is growing. However, rice yield growth has been slowing down since 2008 and certified seed production only accounts for less than 10% of total rice area. The Department of Agriculture Research (DAR) and the Department of Agriculture (DoA) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MOAI) play a major role in developing new varieties and production of breeder, foundation, and registered seeds. However, public investment in agricultural research and extension is only 1-2% of MOAI’s budget. Limited capacity in research and extension system is also a major challenge for research and development (R&D).