as well as the relationships between them in a success model.
In making the change from information to knowledge, IS researchers have recognized
that knowledge is a multidimensional construct with more complex characteristics
than those of information. One perspective defines knowledge as an object to be
stored, manipulated, and so on; another extends this concept by emphasizing organization
of knowledge to facilitate access; and a third goes further by viewing knowledge
as a process of simultaneously knowing and acting, as in “applying expertise” [15, 61,
83]. A different perspective of knowledge postulates that knowledge does not exist
without the knower; it is “shaped by one’s initial stock of knowledge and the inflow of
new stimuli” [29, p. 267]. Further along this direction, knowledge is defined as an
“understanding gained through experience or study; the sum or range of what has been
perceived, discovered, and learned” [75, p. 619]. Note that these differing perspectives
view knowledge along the explicit–tacit dimensions of Nonaka [63].