2.2. Methods
The fleshy protein that stick on the clamshell was washed with
hot water followed by scrapping and rinsed it with tap water for
several times. Washed clamshells were dried in the oven at
100 C overnight to remove adhering water. The dried waste shells
were crushed into small portion using a hammer and grinded to
fine powder and sieved to 210 lm (mesh size 70). Waste shell
powder was then calcined at 800 C for 2 h under atmosphere conditions
to generate active oxide phase (CS-CaO). CS-CaO was then
underwent surfactant-hydration treatment, where the combusted
clamshell was added into ethylene glycol (EG) solution (1 M) under
vigorous stirring (1300 rpm) in order to achieve uniform size of
nanoparticles, the mixture was stirred for 1 h and aged for 5 h in
room temperature. Then, the medium was filtered with PTFE membrane
filters and washed with mixture of distilled water and ethanol
(1:1 ratio) for several times (1000 mL of solution) before it was
dried in the oven overnight in 100 C and labeled as CS-Ca(OH)2-EG
[32–34]. The procedures were repeated by replacing the surfactants
with the following surfactants: diethyl ether (DE) (1 M)
and N-Cetyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) (1 M)
with sample’s name of CS-Ca(OH)2-DE and CS-Ca(OH)2-CTAB,
respectively. Finally, the treated samples were further activated
in 400 C for 2 h with the label of CS-Ca(OH)2-EG-400, CS-Ca(OH)2-
DE-400 and CS-Ca(OH)2-CTAB-400, respectively. Surfactant
Fifree-hydration treated sample was prepared by using the same
method without surfactant solvent. The sample was further thermally
treated at 400 C and denoted as CS-Ca(OH)2-H2O-400 (control
study).
2.2. MethodsThe fleshy protein that stick on the clamshell was washed withhot water followed by scrapping and rinsed it with tap water forseveral times. Washed clamshells were dried in the oven at100 C overnight to remove adhering water. The dried waste shellswere crushed into small portion using a hammer and grinded tofine powder and sieved to 210 lm (mesh size 70). Waste shellpowder was then calcined at 800 C for 2 h under atmosphere conditionsto generate active oxide phase (CS-CaO). CS-CaO was thenunderwent surfactant-hydration treatment, where the combustedclamshell was added into ethylene glycol (EG) solution (1 M) undervigorous stirring (1300 rpm) in order to achieve uniform size ofnanoparticles, the mixture was stirred for 1 h and aged for 5 h inroom temperature. Then, the medium was filtered with PTFE membranefilters and washed with mixture of distilled water and ethanol(1:1 ratio) for several times (1000 mL of solution) before it wasdried in the oven overnight in 100 C and labeled as CS-Ca(OH)2-EG[32–34]. The procedures were repeated by replacing the surfactantswith the following surfactants: diethyl ether (DE) (1 M)and N-Cetyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) (1 M)with sample’s name of CS-Ca(OH)2-DE and CS-Ca(OH)2-CTAB,respectively. Finally, the treated samples were further activatedin 400 C for 2 h with the label of CS-Ca(OH)2-EG-400, CS-Ca(OH)2-DE-400 and CS-Ca(OH)2-CTAB-400, respectively. SurfactantFifree-hydration treated sample was prepared by using the samemethod without surfactant solvent. The sample was further thermallytreated at 400 C and denoted as CS-Ca(OH)2-H2O-400 (controlstudy).
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