The results indicated that the measures of narrative comprehension across television and aural presentation were highly interrelated, suggesting that narrative comprehension is not specific to the medium in which narratives are presented (see the left side of Figure 2). The relation between comprehension in different media was already present in kindergarten children, and remained stable as children entered elementary school. Measures of basic language skills were also highly interrelated among the selves. Particularly, there was a strong relation between childrens letter and word and childrens phonological awareness. Vocabulary was highly related to both narrative comprehension and basic language skills. Most importantly, the results showed that narrative comprehension was largely independent of basic language skills such as phonological awareness, letter identification, and word identification for both 4- and 6-year-olds.