A third category of revenue that one might want to count as a gambling tax is the income tax that in some countries is placed on winnings. From the perspective of a well-conceived income tax, it is perfectly justifiable to tax gambling winnings (net of gambling losses and other expenses). But, since the opposite policy – to exempt gambling winnings – also seems defensible, the decision to tax them can be viewed as a part of the overall tax on gambling. On balance, I believe the argument for so counting this tax is the stronger. In practice, however, I can do no more than to guess at how large this amount may be.