Expected outcomes
1. An improvement in HbA1c concentrations in patients with
unstable DM control
2. An improvement in blood pressure
3. An improvement in body mass index (BMI)
4. An improvement in waist: hip ratio
5. An improvement in the DM self efficacy scale23
6. An improvement in diet habits
7. An improvement in physical exercise frequency.
The self efficacy scale was developed and validated by one of the
authors and consisted of 19 items.23 The measurements of
dietary habits and level of physical activities were adapted from
previous health behaviour surveys conducted locally, with
specific items on eating habits such as removing fat from meat,
skin from poultry, and consumption of high caloric drinks and
snacks, and weekly frequency of moderate and vigorous exercise
to avoid answering a long questionnaire.24 25