It was well known that graphite consists of hexagonal carbon sheets that are stacked on top of each other, but it was believed that a single sheet could not be produced in isolated form such that electrical measurements could be performed. It, therefore, came as a surprise to the physics community when in October 2004, Konstantin Novoselov, Andre Geim and their collaborators1 showed that such a single layer could be isolated and transferred to another substrate and that electrical characterization could be done on a few such layers. In July 2005 they published electrical measurements on a single layer.8 The single layer of carbon is what we call graphene.