an expected running time of O(nlogn). Sanders and Fleischer[39]describeanalgorithmtheycall“randomizedShellsort,”whichisadata-dependentShellsortalgorithmasinthe above pseudo-code description, except that it uses products of random numbers as its offset sequence. They don’t prove an O(nlogn) average-time bound for this version, but they do provide some promising empirical data to support an average running time near O(nlogn); see also [31].