This research has served to emphasis wider factors acting as barriers to policy development and implementation, such as lack of political leadership, neglect of official positions and active abuses of power, such as misappropriation of public funds, which are by no means confined to the sanitation sector.
The effects of the poor governance were compounded by violence and insecurity during the years of conflict, which made maintaining a state presence difficult or impossible in affected areas. The conflict paralyzed all functioning of government, amounting to the ‘collapse’ of the state.