Incense smoke is a potential hazard to human health due to various airborne carcinogens emitted from incense burning. This study
aimed to evaluate the potential health effects of exposure to benzene, 1,3-butadiene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
emitted from incense smoke in temple workers. Exposure and health risks were assessed through the measurement of ambient
exposure as well as through the use of biomarkers of exposure and early biological effects.