Figure 1: Consensus tree depending on method and
metric.
borhood structures are presented in Section 3. They are applied
in a variable neighborhood search (VNS) with an embedded
variable neighborhood descent (VND) as described
in Section 4. The neighborhoods are further utilized in Section
5 to extend an existing evolutionary algorithm (EA) by
local search to a memetic algorithm (MA). Finally, in Section
6 we consider sequential and intertwined combinations
of the EA (MA) and VNS (VND). Experimental results on
real and articially generated CTP instances are given in
Section 7, followed by concluding remarks in Section 8.