In addition to tariffs, there is a plethora of
nontariff barriers to trade that SSA countries
employ.50 In 1998, Francis Ng and Alexander
Yeats of the World Bank compiled a frequency
ratio, which showed the percentage of tariff
lines, or import items, subjected to nontariff
protection. As with tariffs, low-income SSA
scored higher (39 percent) than the developing
world as a whole (23.5 percent). The nontariff